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For similar reasons, an accelerometer will read zero during any type of free fall and this includes use in a coasting spaceship in deep space far from any mass, a spaceship orbiting the Earth, an airplane in a parabolic zero-g arc, or any free-fall in vacuum. The SoC includes processors and numerous digital peripherals, and comes in a ball grid package with lower and upper connections. Most computer games can be played using the HD resolution x pixels with medium to sometimes higher quality settings.
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Holography applications demand even greater density, as higher pixel density produces a larger image size. This outer gimbal possesses one degree of freedom and its axis possesses none. Test model courtesy of HP Store. One plus one mobile price in india and features MMC originally used a 1-bit serial interface. On 4 AugustOnePlus began rolling out version 2. The accidental discovery of America by Columbus in search for India demonstrates this deep fascination, the Silk Road became the main East-West trading route in the Asian hitherland while the Straits of Malacca stood as a major sea route.
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Lollipop also aims to improve battery consumption through a series of known as Project Volta. The prefix giga means in the International System of Units, the unit symbol for the gigabyte is GB.
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Over the next century various proposals were made until the Ural River prevailed in the midth century, the border had been moved perforce from the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea into which the Ural River projects. The hard drive can be replaced. This usage is widely promulgated by some operating systems, such as Microsoft Windows in reference to computer memory and this definition is synonymous with the unambiguous unit gibibyte. This process is called functional verification and it accounts for a significant portion of the time, with the growing complexity of chips, hardware verification languages like SystemVerilog, SystemC, e, and OpenVera are being used. In the end, tube-based CPUs became dominant because the significant speed advantages afforded generally outweighed the reliability problems, most of these early synchronous CPUs ran at low clock rates compared to modern microelectronic designs. Essentially, a gyroscope is a top combined with a pair of gimbals, Tops were invented in many different civilizations, including classical Greece, Rome, and China This outer gimbal possesses one degree of freedom and its axis possesses none.
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27.03.2018 - The monochromatic plasma display's characteristic orange glow is illustrated. It stored data as electrically charged spots on the face of a cathode ray tube, since the electron beam of the CRT could read and write the spots on the tube in any order, memory was random access. The casing of our present review sample is also completely made of plastic. The latter is also true for load. A pair of phone connectors: Other types of non-volatile memories exist that allow access for read operations.
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16.02.2018 - OnePlus has announced open sales for the OnePlus X after the initial month of sales that was strictly invitation based. This is somewhat offset by the efficiency of electric motors in producing mechanical work. In fact, rather than the Williams tube memory being designed for the SSEM, magnetic-core memory was invented in and developed up until the mids. Once the architecture of the SoC has been defined, any new elements are written in an abstract language termed RTL which defines the circuit behaviour.
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He succeeded Paul E. However, surprised by the release of the bit Apple A7 in September, furthermore, Qualcomm was facing anti-trust investigations in China, the European Union, and the United States.
The combination of pressures caused a significant fall in Qualcomms profits. In July, the company cut 4, jobs or about 15 percent of its 31, current workforce due to decline of sales, executive management knew this was coming so they came up with a plan to retain its employees.
However, instead of paying reasonable salary, executive management used this plan as a justification to give themselves a big payout first and then lay off employees later. In December, Qualcomm Inc.
Central processing unit — The computer industry has used the term central processing unit at least since the early s. The form, design and implementation of CPUs have changed over the course of their history, most modern CPUs are microprocessors, meaning they are contained on a single integrated circuit chip.
An IC that contains a CPU may also contain memory, peripheral interfaces, some computers employ a multi-core processor, which is a single chip containing two or more CPUs called cores, in that context, one can speak of such single chips as sockets.
Array processors or vector processors have multiple processors that operate in parallel, there also exists the concept of virtual CPUs which are an abstraction of dynamical aggregated computational resources.
Since the term CPU is generally defined as a device for software execution, the idea of a stored-program computer was already present in the design of J. EDVAC was designed to perform a number of instructions of various types.
Significantly, the programs written for EDVAC were to be stored in high-speed computer memory rather than specified by the wiring of the computer. Early CPUs were custom designs used as part of a larger, however, this method of designing custom CPUs for a particular application has largely given way to the development of multi-purpose processors produced in large quantities.
This standardization began in the era of discrete transistor mainframes and minicomputers and has accelerated with the popularization of the integrated circuit. The IC has allowed increasingly complex CPUs to be designed and manufactured to tolerances on the order of nanometers, both the miniaturization and standardization of CPUs have increased the presence of digital devices in modern life far beyond the limited application of dedicated computing machines.
Modern microprocessors appear in electronic devices ranging from automobiles to cellphones, the so-called Harvard architecture of the Harvard Mark I, which was completed before EDVAC, also utilized a stored-program design using punched paper tape rather than electronic memory.
Relays and vacuum tubes were used as switching elements, a useful computer requires thousands or tens of thousands of switching devices. The overall speed of a system is dependent on the speed of the switches, tube computers like EDVAC tended to average eight hours between failures, whereas relay computers like the Harvard Mark I failed very rarely.
In the end, tube-based CPUs became dominant because the significant speed advantages afforded generally outweighed the reliability problems, most of these early synchronous CPUs ran at low clock rates compared to modern microelectronic designs.
Clock signal frequencies ranging from kHz to 4 MHz were very common at this time, the design complexity of CPUs increased as various technologies facilitated building smaller and more reliable electronic devices.
Multi-core processor — A multi-core processor is a single computing component with two or more independent actual processing units, which are units that read and execute program instructions.
The instructions are ordinary CPU instructions, but the multiple cores can run multiple instructions at the same time, manufacturers typically integrate the cores onto a single integrated circuit die, or onto multiple dies in a single chip package.
A multi-core processor implements multiprocessing in a physical package. Designers may couple cores in a multi-core device tightly or loosely, for example, cores may or may not share caches, and they may implement message passing or shared-memory inter-core communication methods.
Common network topologies to interconnect cores include bus, ring, two-dimensional mesh, homogeneous multi-core systems include only identical cores, heterogeneous multi-core systems have cores that are not identical.
Just as with single-processor systems, cores in multi-core systems may implement architectures such as VLIW, superscalar, Multi-core processors are widely used across many application domains, including general-purpose, embedded, network, digital signal processing, and graphics.
The improvement in performance gained by the use of a multi-core processor depends very much on the algorithms used. In particular, possible gains are limited by the fraction of the software that can run in parallel simultaneously on multiple cores, most applications, however, are not accelerated so much unless programmers invest a prohibitive amount of effort in re-factoring the whole problem.
The parallelization of software is a significant ongoing topic of research, the terms multi-core and dual-core most commonly refer to some sort of central processing unit, but are sometimes also applied to digital signal processors and system on a chip.
This article uses the terms multi-core and dual-core for CPUs manufactured on the integrated circuit. In contrast to systems, the term multi-CPU refers to multiple physically separate processing-units.
The terms many-core and massively multi-core are sometimes used to describe multi-core architectures with a high number of cores. Some systems use many soft microprocessor cores placed on a single FPGA, each core can be considered a semiconductor intellectual property core as well as a CPU core.
While manufacturing technology improves, reducing the size of individual gates and these physical limitations can cause significant heat dissipation and data synchronization problems.
Various other methods are used to improve CPU performance, some instruction-level parallelism methods such as superscalar pipelining are suitable for many applications, but are inefficient for others that contain difficult-to-predict code.
Many applications are better suited to thread-level parallelism methods, and multiple independent CPUs are commonly used to increase a systems overall TLP, a combination of increased available space and the demand for increased TLP led to the development of multi-core CPUs.
Several business motives drive the development of multi-core architectures, for decades, it was possible to improve performance of a CPU by shrinking the area of the integrated circuit, which reduced the cost per device on the IC.
Alternatively, for the circuit area, more transistors could be used in the design. Hertz — The hertz is the unit of frequency in the International System of Units and is defined as one cycle per second.
It is named for Heinrich Rudolf Hertz, the first person to provide proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves. Hertz are commonly expressed in SI multiples kilohertz, megahertz, gigahertz, kilo means thousand, mega meaning million, giga meaning billion and tera for trillion.
Some of the units most common uses are in the description of waves and musical tones, particularly those used in radio-. It is also used to describe the speeds at which computers, the hertz is equivalent to cycles per second, i.
One hertz simply means one cycle per second, Hz means one hundred cycles per second, and so on. The unit may be applied to any periodic event—for example, a clock might be said to tick at 1 Hz, the rate of aperiodic or stochastic events occur is expressed in reciprocal second or inverse second in general or, the specific case of radioactive decay, becquerels.
This SI unit is named after Heinrich Hertz, as with every International System of Units unit named for a person, the first letter of its symbol is upper case. Note that degree Celsius conforms to this rule because the d is lowercase.
The name was established by the International Electrotechnical Commission in, the term cycles per second was largely replaced by hertz by the s. One hobby magazine, Electronics Illustrated, declared their intention to stick with the traditional kc.
Humans perceive frequency of waves as pitch. Each musical note corresponds to a frequency which can be measured in hertz. An infants ear is able to perceive frequencies ranging from 20 Hz to 20, Hz, the range of ultrasound, infrasound and other physical vibrations such as molecular and atomic vibrations extends from a few femtoHz into the terahertz range and beyond.
Electromagnetic radiation is described by its frequency—the number of oscillations of the perpendicular electric and magnetic fields per second—expressed in hertz. Radio frequency radiation is measured in kilohertz, megahertz, or gigahertz.
Graphics processing unit — GPUs are used in embedded systems, mobile phones, personal computers, workstations, and game consoles. Arcade system boards have been using specialized graphics chips since the s, in early video game hardware, the RAM for frame buffers was expensive, so video chips composited data together as the display was being scanned out on the monitor.
Fujitsus MB video shifter was used to accelerate the drawing of sprite graphics for various s arcade games from Taito and Midway, such as Gun Fight, Sea Wolf, the Namco Galaxian arcade system in used specialized graphics hardware supporting RGB color, multi-colored sprites and tilemap backgrounds.
In the home market, the Atari in used a video shifter called the Television Interface Adaptor, machine code subroutines could be triggered on scan lines by setting a bit on a display list instruction.
ANTIC also supported smooth vertical and horizontal scrolling independent of the CPU and it became one of the best known of what were known as graphics processing units in the s.
The Williams Electronics arcade games Robotron,, Joust, Sinistar, in, the Commodore Amiga featured a custom graphics chip, with a blitter unit accelerating bitmap manipulation, line draw, and area fill functions.
Also included is a coprocessor with its own instruction set, capable of manipulating graphics hardware registers in sync with the video beam. In, Texas Instruments released the TMS, the first microprocessor with on-chip graphics capabilities and it could run general-purpose code, but it had a very graphics-oriented instruction set.
In, this chip would become the basis of the Texas Instruments Graphics Architecture Windows accelerator cards, in, the IBM graphics system was released as one of the first video cards for IBM PC compatibles to implement fixed-function 2D primitives in electronic hardware.
Fujitsu later competed with the FM Towns computer, released in with support for a full 16,, color palette, in, the first dedicated polygonal 3D graphics boards were introduced in arcades with the Namco System 21 and Taito Air System.
In, S3 Graphics introduced the S3 86C, which its designers named after the Porsche as an implication of the performance increase it promised. The 86C spawned a host of imitators, by, all major PC graphics chip makers had added 2D acceleration support to their chips.
By this time, fixed-function Windows accelerators had surpassed expensive general-purpose graphics coprocessors in Windows performance, throughout the s, 2D GUI acceleration continued to evolve.
Gigabyte — The gigabyte is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information. The prefix giga means in the International System of Units, the unit symbol for the gigabyte is GB. However, the term is used in some fields of computer science and information technology to denote bytes.
The use of gigabyte may thus be ambiguous, to address this ambiguity, the International System of Quantities standardizes the binary prefixes which denote a series of integer powers of With these prefixes, a module that is labeled as having the size 1GB has one gibibyte of storage capacity.
The term gigabyte is commonly used to mean either bytes or bytes, the latter binary usage originated as compromise technical jargon for byte multiples that needed to be expressed in a power of 2, but lacked a convenient name.
As is approximately, roughly corresponding to SI multiples, in the International Electrotechnical Commission published standards for binary prefixes, requiring that the gigabyte strictly denote bytes and gibibyte denote bytes.
The file manager of Mac OS X version The binary definition uses powers of the base 2, as is the principle of binary computers. This usage is widely promulgated by some operating systems, such as Microsoft Windows in reference to computer memory and this definition is synonymous with the unambiguous unit gibibyte.
Since the first disk drive, the IBM, disk drive manufacturers expressed hard drive capacities using decimal prefixes, with the advent of gigabyte-range drive capacities, manufacturers based most consumer hard drive capacities in certain size classes expressed in decimal gigabytes, such as GB.
The exact capacity of a given model is usually slightly larger than the class designation. Practically all manufacturers of disk drives and flash-memory disk devices continue to define one gigabyte as bytes.
Some operating systems such as OS X express hard drive capacity or file size using decimal multipliers and this discrepancy causes confusion, as a disk with an advertised capacity of, for example, GB might be reported by the operating system as GB, meaning GiB.
As storage sizes increase and larger units are used, these differences even more pronounced. Some legal challenges have been waged over this confusion such as a lawsuit against drive manufacturer Western Digital, Western Digital settled the challenge and added explicit disclaimers to products that the usable capacity may differ from the advertised capacity.
Random-access memory — Random-access memory is a form of computer data storage which stores frequently used program instructions to increase the general speed of a system. A random-access memory device allows data items to be read or written in almost the same amount of time irrespective of the location of data inside the memory.
RAM contains multiplexing and demultiplexing circuitry, to connect the lines to the addressed storage for reading or writing the entry. Usually more than one bit of storage is accessed by the same address, in todays technology, random-access memory takes the form of integrated circuits.
RAM is normally associated with types of memory, where stored information is lost if power is removed. Other types of non-volatile memories exist that allow access for read operations.
Integrated-circuit RAM chips came into the market in the early s, with the first commercially available DRAM chip, early computers used relays, mechanical counters or delay lines for main memory functions.
Ultrasonic delay lines could only reproduce data in the order it was written, drum memory could be expanded at relatively low cost but efficient retrieval of memory items required knowledge of the physical layout of the drum to optimize speed.
Latches built out of vacuum tube triodes, and later, out of transistors, were used for smaller and faster memories such as registers. Such registers were relatively large and too costly to use for large amounts of data, the first practical form of random-access memory was the Williams tube starting in It stored data as electrically charged spots on the face of a cathode ray tube, since the electron beam of the CRT could read and write the spots on the tube in any order, memory was random access.
The capacity of the Williams tube was a few hundred to around a thousand bits, but it was smaller, faster. In fact, rather than the Williams tube memory being designed for the SSEM, magnetic-core memory was invented in and developed up until the mids.
It became a form of random-access memory, relying on an array of magnetized rings. By changing the sense of each rings magnetization, data could be stored with one bit stored per ring, since every ring had a combination of address wires to select and read or write it, access to any memory location in any sequence was possible.
Magnetic core memory was the form of memory system until displaced by solid-state memory in integrated circuits. Data was stored in the capacitance of each transistor, and had to be periodically refreshed every few milliseconds before the charge could leak away.
MMC originally used a 1-bit serial interface. MMC can be used in devices that can use Secure Digital cards. Typically, an MMC is used as a medium for a portable device. For example, a camera would use an MMC for storing image files.
With an MMC reader, a user could copy the pictures taken with the camera off to his or her computer. Modern computers, both laptops and desktops, often have SD slots, which can additionally read MMCs if the operating system drivers can, MMCs are available in sizes up to and including GB.
They are used in almost every context in which cards are used, like cellular phones, digital audio players, digital cameras. While few companies build MMC slots into devices today, the card is still widely used in the industry as a primary means of integrated storage in portable devices.
This technology is a standard available to any company wanting to develop based on it. There is no royalty charged for devices which host an MMC, a membership with the MMC Association must be purchased in order to manufacture the cards themselves.
As of July, the latest specifications version 4. A highly detailed version is available on-line that contains information for writing an MMC driver. As of February, the latest specifications version 5.
Subscriber identity module — It is also possible to store contact information on many SIM cards. SIM cards can also be used in satellite phones, the SIM circuit is part of the function of a Universal Integrated Circuit Card physical smart card, which is usually made of PVC with embedded contacts and semiconductors.
The operating voltage of the majority of SIM cards launched before was 5 V. In order to allow interoperability of the applications, Java Card was taken as the solution of choice by ETSI, additional standards and specifications of interest are maintained by GlobalPlatform.
This is used by operators to store information on preferred networks. The standard was introduced in August by joint efforts between SanDisk, Panasonic and Toshiba as an improvement over MultiMediaCards, and has become the industry standard.
SDA today has about 1, member companies, the SDA uses several trademarked logos owned and licensed by SD-3C to enforce compliance with its specifications and assure users of compatibility.
There are many combinations of factors and device families, although as of The three form factors are the size, the mini size, and the micro size. Electrically passive adapters allow a card to fit and function in a device built for a larger card.
The SD cards small footprint is a storage medium for smaller, thinner. The second-generation Secure Digital card was developed to improve on the MultiMediaCard standard, which continued to evolve, Secure Digital changed the MMC design in several ways, Asymmetrical slots in the sides of the SD card prevent inserting it upside down.
Most SD cards are 2. The SD specification envisioned capacities and transfer rates exceeding those of MMC, for a comparison table, see below. While MMC uses a pin for data transfers, the SD card added a four-wire bus mode for higher data rates.
The SD card added Content Protection for Recordable Media security circuitry for digital rights management content-protection, full-size SD cards do not fit into the slimmer MMC slots, and other issues also affect the ability to use one format in a host device designed for the other.
Battery electricity — An electric battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells with external connections provided to power electrical devices such as flashlights, smartphones, and electric cars.
When a battery is supplying power, its positive terminal is the cathode. The terminal marked negative is the source of electrons that when connected to a circuit will flow. It is the movement of ions within the battery which allows current to flow out of the battery to perform work.
Historically the term specifically referred to a device composed of multiple cells. Primary batteries are used once and discarded, the materials are irreversibly changed during discharge.
Common examples are the battery used for flashlights and a multitude of portable electronic devices. Secondary batteries can be discharged and recharged multiple times using mains power from a wall socket, examples include the lead-acid batteries used in vehicles and lithium-ion batteries used for portable electronics such as laptops and smartphones.
Batteries have much lower energy than common fuels such as gasoline. This is somewhat offset by the efficiency of electric motors in producing mechanical work. The usage of battery to describe a group of electrical devices dates to Benjamin Franklin, alessandro Volta built and described the first electrochemical battery, the voltaic pile, in This was a stack of copper and zinc plates, separated by brine-soaked paper disks, Volta did not understand that the voltage was due to chemical reactions.
Although early batteries were of value for experimental purposes, in practice their voltages fluctuated. It consisted of a pot filled with a copper sulfate solution, in which was immersed an unglazed earthenware container filled with sulfuric acid.
These wet cells used liquid electrolytes, which were prone to leakage and spillage if not handled correctly, many used glass jars to hold their components, which made them fragile and potentially dangerous.
These characteristics made wet cells unsuitable for portable appliances, near the end of the nineteenth century, the invention of dry cell batteries, which replaced the liquid electrolyte with a paste, made portable electrical devices practical.
Batteries convert chemical energy directly to electrical energy, a battery consists of some number of voltaic cells. Ampere hour — The commonly seen milliampere hour is one-thousandth of an ampere hour.
The ampere hour is used in measurements of electrochemical systems such as electroplating. A milliampere second is a unit of measure used in X-ray imaging, diagnostic imaging and this quantity is proportional to the total X-ray energy produced by a given X-ray tube operated at a particular voltage.
The same total dose can be delivered in different time periods depending on the X-ray tube current, an ampere hour is not a unit of energy. In a battery system, for example, accurate calculation of the energy delivered requires integration of the power delivered over the discharge interval, generally, the battery voltage varies during discharge, an average value or nominal value may be used to approximate the integration of power.
The Faraday constant is the charge on one mole of electrons and it is used in electrochemical calculations. An AA size dry cell has a capacity of about 2 to 3 ampere hours, automotive car batteries vary in capacity but a large automobile propelled by an internal combustion engine would have about a 50 ampere hour battery capacity.
Since one ampere hour can produce 0. Lithium polymer battery — A lithium polymer battery, or more correctly lithium-ion polymer battery, is a rechargeable battery of lithium-ion technology using a polymer electrolyte instead of the more common liquid electrolyte.
High conductivity semisolid polymers form the electrolyte for LiPo cells are being used in tablet computers, after that, other packaging forms evolved, including the pouch format now also called LiPo.
Lithium polymer cells have evolved from lithium-ion and lithium-metal batteries. The primary difference is instead of using a lithium-salt electrolyte held in an organic solvent. A typical cell has four components, positive electrode, negative electrode, separator.
The separator itself may be a polymer, such as a film of polyethylene or polypropylene, thus, even when the cell has a liquid electrolyte. In addition to this, the electrode can be further decomposed in three parts, the lithium-transition-metal-oxide, a conductive additive, and a polymer binder of poly.
The negative electrode material may have the three parts, only with carbon replacing the lithium-metal-oxide. To prevent the electrodes from touching each other directly, a separator is in between which allows only the ions and not the electrode particles to migrate from one side to the other.
For LiPo battery packs with cells connected in series, a specialised charger may monitor the charge on a per-cell basis so that all cells are brought to the state of charge. Unlike lithium-ion cylindrical and prismatic cells, which have a metal case, LiPo cells have a flexible, foil-type case.
LiPo cells provide manufacturers with compelling advantages and they can easily produce batteries of almost any desired shape. Test reports warn of the risk of fire when the batteries are not used in accordance with the instructions, as of mid, LiPo packs of 1.
Microphone — A microphone, colloquially nicknamed mic or mike, is a transducer that converts sound into an electrical signal. Several different types of microphone are in use, which employ different methods to convert the air pressure variations of a wave to an electrical signal.
Microphones typically need to be connected to a preamplifier before the signal can be recorded or reproduced, in order to speak to larger groups of people, a need arose to increase the volume of the human voice.
The earliest devices used to achieve this were acoustic megaphones, some of the first examples, from fifth century BC Greece, were theater masks with horn-shaped mouth openings that acoustically amplified the voice of actors in amphitheatres.
In, the English physicist Robert Hooke was the first to experiment with an other than air with the invention of the lovers telephone made of stretched wire with a cup attached at each end. German inventor Johann Philipp Reis designed an early sound transmitter that used a strip attached to a vibrating membrane that would produce intermittent current.
Better results were achieved with the transmitter design in Scottish-American Alexander Graham Bells telephone of — the diaphragm was attached to a conductive rod in an acid solution. These systems, however, gave a poor sound quality.
The first microphone that enabled proper voice telephony was the carbon microphone and this was independently developed by David Edward Hughes in England and Emile Berliner and Thomas Edison in the US.
Although Edison was awarded the first patent in mid, Hughes had demonstrated his working device in front of many witnesses some years earlier, the carbon microphone is the direct prototype of todays microphones and was critical in the development of telephony, broadcasting and the recording industries.
Thomas Edison refined the carbon microphone into his carbon-button transmitter of and this microphone was employed at the first ever radio broadcast, a performance at the New York Metropolitan Opera House in Wente of Western Electric developed the next breakthrough with the first condenser microphone, in, the first practical moving coil microphone was built.
The Marconi Skykes or magnetophon, developed by Captain H. Also in, the microphone was introduced, another electromagnetic type, believed to have been developed by Harry F.
Over the years these microphones were developed by companies, most notably RCA that made large advancements in pattern control. With television and film technology booming there was demand for high fidelity microphones, electro-Voice responded with their Academy Award-winning shotgun microphone in During the second half of 20th century development advanced quickly with the Shure Brothers bringing out the SM58, digital was pioneered by Milab in with the DM The latest research developments include the use of optics, lasers and interferometers.
Active noise control — Active noise control, also known as noise cancellation, or active noise reduction, is a method for reducing unwanted sound by the addition of a second sound specifically designed to cancel the first.
Sound is a wave, which consists of alternating periods of compression and rarefaction. A noise-cancellation speaker emits a sound wave with the same amplitude, the waves combine to form a new wave, in a process called interference, and effectively cancel each other out — an effect which is called destructive interference.
Modern active noise control is achieved through the use of analog circuits or digital signal processing. This inverted signal is amplified and a transducer creates a sound wave directly proportional to the amplitude of the original waveform.
This effectively reduces the volume of the perceivable noise, a noise-cancellation speaker may be co-located with the sound source to be attenuated. In this case it must have the same power level as the source of the unwanted sound.
Alternatively, the transducer emitting the cancellation signal may be located at the location where sound attenuation is wanted and this requires a much lower power level for cancellation but is effective only for a single user.
In small enclosed spaces global noise reduction can be achieved via multiple speakers and feedback microphones, applications can be 1-dimensional or 3-dimensional, depending on the type of zone to protect.
Periodic sounds, even ones, are easier to cancel than random sounds due to the repetition in the wave form. Protection of a 1-dimension zone is easier and requires one or two microphones and speakers to be effective.
Several commercial applications have been successful, noise-cancelling headphones, active mufflers, the term 1-dimension refers to a simple pistonic relationship between the noise and the active speaker or between the active speaker and the listener.
Protection of a 3-dimension zone requires many microphones and speakers, making it more expensive, high frequency waves are difficult to reduce in three dimensions due to their relatively short audio wavelength in air.
High frequency sounds above Hz tend to cancel and reinforce unpredictably from many directions, in sum, the most effective noise reduction in three-dimensional space involves low frequency sounds.
This is because an engines cyclic nature makes fast Fourier transform analysis, noise control is an active or passive means of reducing sound emissions, often for personal comfort, environmental considerations or legal compliance.
Active noise control is sound reduction using a power source, passive noise control is sound reduction by noise-isolating materials such as insulation, sound-absorbing tiles, or a muffler rather than a power source.
Active noise canceling is best suited for low frequencies, for higher frequencies, the spacing requirements for free space and zone of silence techniques become prohibitive. In acoustic cavity and duct based systems, the number of nodes grows rapidly with increasing frequency, passive treatments become more effective at higher frequencies and often provide an adequate solution without the need for active control.
Gyroscope — A gyroscope is a spinning wheel or disc in which the axis of rotation is free to assume any orientation by itself. When rotating, the orientation of this axis is unaffected by tilting or rotation of the mounting, according to the conservation of angular momentum, because of this, gyroscopes are useful for measuring or maintaining orientation.
Due to their precision, gyroscopes are used in gyrotheodolites to maintain direction in tunnel mining. Gyroscopes can be used to construct gyrocompasses, which complement or replace magnetic compasses, a gyroscope is a wheel mounted in two or three gimbals, which are a pivoted supports that allow the rotation of the wheel about a single axis.
In the case of a gyroscope with two gimbals, the gimbal, which is the gyroscope frame, is mounted so as to pivot about an axis in its own plane determined by the support. This outer gimbal possesses one degree of freedom and its axis possesses none.
The inner gimbal is mounted in the frame so as to pivot about an axis in its own plane that is always perpendicular to the pivotal axis of the gyroscope frame.
This inner gimbal has two degrees of rotational freedom, the axle of the spinning wheel defines the spin axis. The rotor is constrained to spin about an axis, which is perpendicular to the axis of the inner gimbal.
So the rotor possesses three degrees of freedom and its axis possesses two. The wheel responds to a force applied to the axis by a reaction force to the output axis.
The behaviour of a gyroscope can be most easily appreciated by consideration of the front wheel of a bicycle. If the wheel is leaned away from the vertical so that the top of the moves to the left.
In other words, rotation on one axis of the turning wheel produces rotation of the third axis, a gyroscope flywheel will roll or resist about the output axis depending upon whether the output gimbals are of a free or fixed configuration.
Examples of some free-output-gimbal devices would be the attitude reference gyroscopes used to sense or measure the pitch, roll, the centre of gravity of the rotor can be in a fixed position.
Some gyroscopes have mechanical equivalents substituted for one or more of the elements, for example, the spinning rotor may be suspended in a fluid, instead of being pivotally mounted in gimbals.
In some special cases, the outer gimbal may be omitted so that the rotor has two degrees of freedom. Essentially, a gyroscope is a top combined with a pair of gimbals, Tops were invented in many different civilizations, including classical Greece, Rome, and China.
Accelerometer — An accelerometer is a device that measures proper acceleration, proper acceleration is not the same as coordinate acceleration. For example, an accelerometer at rest on the surface of the Earth will measure an acceleration due to Earths gravity, by contrast, accelerometers in free fall will measure zero.
Accelerometers have multiple applications in industry and science, highly sensitive accelerometers are components of inertial navigation systems for aircraft and missiles. Accelerometers are used to detect and monitor vibration in rotating machinery, accelerometers are used in tablet computers and digital cameras so that images on screens are always displayed upright.
Accelerometers are used in drones for flight stabilisation, coordinated accelerometers can be used to measure differences in proper acceleration, particularly gravity, over their separation in space, i.
This gravity gradiometry is useful because absolute gravity is a weak effect, micromachined accelerometers are increasingly present in portable electronic devices and video game controllers, to detect the position of the device or provide for game input.
An accelerometer measures proper acceleration, which is the acceleration it experiences relative to freefall and is the acceleration felt by people and objects. Put another way, at any point in spacetime the equivalence principle guarantees the existence of an inertial frame.
Such accelerations are popularly denoted g-force, i. The reason for the appearance of an offset is Einsteins equivalence principle. For similar reasons, an accelerometer will read zero during any type of free fall and this includes use in a coasting spaceship in deep space far from any mass, a spaceship orbiting the Earth, an airplane in a parabolic zero-g arc, or any free-fall in vacuum.
Another example is free-fall at a high altitude that atmospheric effects can be neglected. However this does not include a fall in air resistance produces drag forces that reduce the acceleration.
At terminal velocity the accelerometer will indicate 1 g acceleration upwards, Acceleration is quantified in the SI unit metres per second per second, in the cgs unit gal, or popularly in terms of standard gravity.
For the practical purpose of finding the acceleration of objects with respect to the Earth, such as for use in a navigation system. This can be obtained either by calibrating the device at rest, conceptually, an accelerometer behaves as a damped mass on a spring.
When the accelerometer experiences an acceleration, the mass is displaced to the point that the spring is able to accelerate the mass at the rate as the casing. The displacement is measured to give the acceleration.
Proximity sensor — A proximity sensor is a sensor able to detect the presence of nearby objects without any physical contact. A proximity sensor often emits a field or a beam of electromagnetic radiation.
The object being sensed is often referred to as the proximity sensors target, different proximity sensor targets demand different sensors. For example, a capacitive or photoelectric sensor might be suitable for a plastic target, the maximum distance that this sensor can detect is defined nominal range.
Some sensors have adjustments of the range or means to report a graduated detection distance. Some know these process as thermosensation, proximity sensors can have a high reliability and long functional life because of the absence of mechanical parts and lack of physical contact between sensor and the sensed object.
Proximity sensors are used on smartphones to detect accidental touchscreen taps when held to the ear during a call. They are also used in machine vibration monitoring to measure the variation in distance between a shaft and its support bearing and this is common in large steam turbines, compressors, and motors that use sleeve-type bearings.
International Electrotechnical Commission defines the technical details of proximity sensors, a proximity sensor adjusted to a very short range is often used as a touch switch. Proximity sensors can be used to recognise air gestures and hover-manipulations, an array of proximity sensing elements can replace vision-camera or depth camera based solutions for the hand gesture detection.
In particular, a car infotainment system in vehicle can employ the proximity sensors to cover the area over the screen. For example, LG Electronics has recently filed several patents addressing this advanced technology, sheet break sensing in paper machine.
Automatic faucets Motion detector Occupancy sensor. Multi-touch — In computing, multi-touch is technology that enables a surface to recognize the presence of more than one or more than two points of contact with the surface.
This plural-point awareness may be used to implement additional functionality, such as pinch to zoom or to activate certain subroutines attached to predefined gestures, the use of touchscreen technology to control electronic devices pre-dates multi-touch technology and the personal computer.
Early synthesizer and electronic instrument builders like Hugh Le Caine and Robert Moog experimented with using touch-sensitive capacitance sensors to control the sounds made by their instruments, early touchscreens only registered one point of touch at a time.
On-screen keyboards were thus awkward to use, because key-rollover and holding down a key while typing another were not possible. In a handwritten note dated 11 March, Stumpe presented his proposed solution — a capacitive touch screen with a number of programmable buttons presented on a display.
The capacitors were to consist of fine lines etched in copper on a sheet of glass — fine enough, in the final device, a simple lacquer coating prevented the fingers from actually touching the capacitors.
In, MIT described a keyboard with variable graphics capable of multi-touch detection, in the early s, The University of Torontos Input Research Group were among the earliest to explore the software side of multi-touch input systems.
A system at the University of Toronto used a panel with a camera placed behind the glass. When a finger or several fingers pressed on the glass, the camera would detect the action as one or more spots on an otherwise white background.
Since the size of a dot was dependent on pressure, the system was somewhat pressure-sensitive as well, of note, this system was input only and not able to display graphics. In, Bell Labs at Murray Hill published a discussion of touch-screen based interfaces.
By, both Bell Labs and Carnegie Mellon University had working multi-touch-screen prototypes — both input and graphics — that could respond interactively in response to multiple finger inputs, the Bell Labs system was based on capacitive coupling of fingers, whereas the CMU system was optical.
In, the canonical multitouch pinch-to-zoom gesture was demonstrated, with coordinated graphics, an advance occurred in, when Pierre Wellner published a paper on his multi-touch Digital Desk, which supported multi-finger and pinching motions.
Various companies expanded upon these inventions in the beginning of the twenty-first century, the company Fingerworks developed various multi-touch technologies between and, including Touchstream keyboards and the iGesture Pad.
Several studies of technology were published in the early s by Alan Hedge, professor of human factors. Apple acquired Fingerworks and its technology in Touchscreen — A touchscreen is a input and output device normally layered on the top of an electronic visual display of an information processing system.
The touchscreen enables the user to interact directly with what is displayed, rather using a mouse, touchpad. Touchscreens are common in such as game consoles, personal computers, tablet computers, electronic voting machines, point of sale systems.
They can also be attached to computers or, as terminals and they also play a prominent role in the design of digital appliances such as personal digital assistants and some e-readers.
The popularity of smartphones, tablets, and many types of appliances is driving the demand and acceptance of common touchscreens for portable. The application of technology for air traffic control was described in an article published in A resistive touchscreen was developed by American inventor George Samuel Hurst, the first version was produced in This arrangement can sense any fingertip-sized opaque object in close proximity to the screen, a similar touchscreen was used on the HP starting in, this was one of the worlds earliest commercial touchscreen computers.
HP mounted their infrared transmitters and receivers around the bezel of a 9 Sony Cathode Ray Tube, in, Fujitsu released a touch pad for the Micro 16, to deal with the complexity of kanji characters, which were stored as tiled graphics.
In, Sega released the Terebi Oekaki, also known as the Sega Graphic Board, for the SG video game console and it consisted of a plastic pen and a plastic board with a transparent window where the pen presses are detected.
It was used primarily for a software application. A graphic touch tablet was released for the Sega AI Computer in, touch-sensitive Control-Display Units were evaluated for commercial aircraft flight decks in the early s.
In, the University of Toronto group including Bill Buxton developed a tablet that used capacitance rather than bulky camera-based optical sensing systems. In, the first graphical point of sale software was demonstrated on the bit Atari ST color computer and it featured a color touchscreen widget-driven interface.
In, Casio launched the Casio PB pocket computer with a touchscreen consisting of a 4x4 matrix, until touchscreens had the bad reputation of being imprecise. Pixel — The address of a pixel corresponds to its physical coordinates.
LCD pixels are manufactured in a grid, and are often represented using dots or squares. Each pixel is a sample of an image, more samples typically provide more accurate representations of the original.
The intensity of each pixel is variable, in color imaging systems, a color is typically represented by three or four component intensities such as red, green, and blue, or cyan, magenta, yellow, and black.
The word pixel is based on a contraction of pix and el, the word pixel was first published in by Frederic C. Billingsley of JPL, to describe the elements of video images from space probes to the Moon.
Billingsley had learned the word from Keith E. The word is a combination of pix, for picture, the word pix appeared in Variety magazine headlines in, as an abbreviation for the word pictures, in reference to movies.
By, pix was being used in reference to pictures by photojournalists. The concept of a picture element dates to the earliest days of television, some authors explain pixel as picture cell, as early as In graphics and in image and video processing, pel is often used instead of pixel, for example, IBM used it in their Technical Reference for the original PC.
A pixel is generally thought of as the smallest single component of a digital image, however, the definition is highly context-sensitive. For example, there can be printed pixels in a page, or pixels carried by electronic signals, or represented by digital values, or pixels on a display device, or pixels in a digital camera.
This list is not exhaustive and, depending on context, synonyms include pel, sample, byte, bit, dot, Pixels can be used as a unit of measure such as, pixels per inch, pixels per line, or spaced 10 pixels apart.
For example, a high-quality photographic image may be printed with ppi on a dpi inkjet printer, even higher dpi numbers, such as the dpi quoted by printer manufacturers since, do not mean much in terms of achievable resolution.
The more pixels used to represent an image, the closer the result can resemble the original, the number of pixels in an image is sometimes called the resolution, though resolution has a more specific definition.
The pixels, or color samples, that form an image may or may not be in one-to-one correspondence with screen pixels. In computing, a composed of pixels is known as a bitmapped image or a raster image.
Pixel density — Horizontal and vertical density are usually the same, as most devices have square pixels, but differ on devices that have non-square pixels. The lowest acceptable quality factor is considered 1.
An absorbent paper surface, uncoated recycled paper for instance, lets ink droplets spread —so requires a more open printing screen, input resolution can therefore be reduced to minimize file size without loss in quality, as long as the quality factor of 2 is maintained.
This is easily determined by doubling the line frequency, for example, printing on an uncoated paper stock often limits printing screen frequency to no more than lpi, therefore, a quality factor of 2 is achieved with images of ppi.
The PPI of a display is related to the size of the display in inches. This measurement is referred to as dots per inch, though that measurement more accurately refers to the resolution of a computer printer.
This figure is determined by dividing the width of the area in pixels by the width of the display area in inches. It is possible for a display to have different horizontal and vertical PPI measurements, the dot pitch of a computer display determines the absolute limit of possible pixel density.
In January, Kopin Corporation announced a 0. In they followed this up with a DPI0. Holography applications demand even greater density, as higher pixel density produces a larger image size.
Spatial light modulators can reduce pixel pitch to 2. However, this figure depends both on the distance between viewer and image, and the visual acuity.
For perspective, such a device at 15 inch screen size would have to more than four Full HD screens. The term usually assumes a widescreen ratio of 16,9.
Small camcorders, smartphones and digital cameras can capture still and moving images in p resolution. Such frame rates require H. The p50 format is considered to be a production format and, eventually.
There is no word when any of the networks will consider airing at p in the foreseeable future. The Blu-ray Disc video specification allows encoding of p Smartphones with p FullHD display have been available on the market since, as of the end of, it is the standard for mid-range to high-end smartphones and many of the flagship devices of used even higher resolutions.
Several websites, including YouTube, allow videos to be uploaded in the p format, YouTube streams p content at approximately 4 megabits per second compared to Blu-rays 30 to 40 megabits per second.
Red and green OLED films have longer lifespans compared to blue OLED films and this variation results in colour shifts as a particular pixel fades faster than the other pixels.
AMOLED displays are prone to screen burn-in, which leaves a permanent imprint of overused colours represented by overused images, manufacturers have developed in-cell touch panels, integrating the production of capacitive sensor arrays in the AMOLED module fabrication process.
Using custom modeling and analytic approaches, Samsung has developed short and long-range film-thickness control, AMOLED displays provide higher refresh rates than passive-matrix, often reducing the response time to less than a millisecond, and they consume significantly less power.
This advantage makes active-matrix OLEDs well-suited for portable electronics, where power consumption is critical to battery life, the amount of power the display consumes varies significantly depending on the color and brightness shown.
Camera phone — A camera phone is a mobile phone which is able to capture photographs. Most camera phones also record video, most camera phones are simpler than separate digital cameras.
Their usual fixed-focus lenses and smaller sensors limit their performance in poor lighting, lacking a physical shutter, some have a long shutter lag. Photoflash is typically provided by an LED source which illuminates less intensely over a longer exposure time than a bright.
Optical zoom and tripod screws are rare and none has a hot shoe for attaching an external flash, some also lack a USB connection or a removable memory card. Most have Bluetooth and WiFi, and can make geotagged photographs, some of the more expensive camera phones have only a few of these technical disadvantages, but with bigger image sensors, their capabilities approach those of low-end point-and-shoot cameras.
In the smartphone era, the sales increase of camera phones caused point-and-shoot camera sales to peak about Most model lines improve their cameras every year or two, most smartphones only have a menu choice to start a camera application program and an on-screen button to activate the shutter.
Some also have a camera button, for quickness and convenience. The principal advantages of camera phones are cost and compactness, indeed for a user who carries a mobile phone anyway, smartphones that are camera phones may run mobile applications to add capabilities such as geotagging and image stitching.
However, the screen, being a general purpose control, lacks the agility of a separate cameras dedicated buttons. The latest generation of cameras also apply distortion, vignetting. Most camera phones have a digital zoom feature, an external camera can be added, coupled wirelessly to the phone by Wi-Fi.
They are compatible with most smartphones, images are usually saved in the JPEG file format, except for some high-end camera phones which have also RAW feature and the Android 5.
Windows Phones can be configured to operate as a camera if the phone is asleep. F-number — The f-number of an optical system such as a camera lens is the ratio of the systems focal length to the diameter of the entrance pupil.
It is a number that is a quantitative measure of lens speed. It is also known as the ratio, f-ratio, f-stop. Ignoring differences in light transmission efficiency, a lens with a greater f-number projects darker images, the brightness of the projected image relative to the brightness of the scene in the lenss field of view decreases with the square of the f-number.
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The Pavilion has the diversity of interfaces in common with its precursor. The interface positioning has been improved. They are now mostly in the rear area of both sides, which leaves the areas beside the wrist rest free of cables.
It supports the The connection between the router and laptop was always stable within a meter radius. The Ethernet chip also comes from Realtek. HP only treats the Pavilion to a Fast Ethernet chip.
That is beyond comprehension seeing that Gigabit Ethernet is standard nowadays. After all, other manufacturers can also equip their devices accordingly. The Pavilion is shipped with the usual accessories: A quick-start poster and warranty information.
A recovery DVD is not included for the laptop. The Pavilion can be upgraded to Windows 10 free of charge. Users can install Windows 7 should they dislike Windows 8. HP provides the needed drivers.
The optical drive has to be removed before releasing all screws on the underside. That is quite easy to do with a putty knife. After that, the laptop is placed on its lid and the base tray can be removed.
The base tray must be removed this way since the hard drive might fall out otherwise. The Pavilion features two working memory banks, which are both filled.
The hard drive can be replaced without problems. The Pavilion comes with a one-year warranty. The keyboard has not been modified compared with the precursor, either.
The Pavilion is shipped with an unlit chiclet keyboard. The flat, lightly roughened keys have a short drop and clear pressure point. However, their resistance could be a bit crisper in our opinion.
The keyboard at most yields marginally while typing, which does not have an adverse impact. HP delivers a keyboard that is absolutely sufficient for home use in total.
The Pavilion's multitouch ClickPad has a surface area of approximately 11 x 6. The various multitouch gestures can be turned on and off singly in the pad's configuration menu. The pad's sleek surface facilitates gliding with the fingers.
The pad has a short drop and clear pressure point. HP installs a matte, It has a native resolution of x pixels. The screen's rates are disappointing. The screen has a DeltaE shift of 8.
A rate less than 3 would be desirable. Furthermore, the screen exhibits a bluish tint. HP's Pavilion has a viewing-angle dependent TN screen, which cannot be read from every position.
Changing the vertical viewing angle quickly leads to image distortions. The angle is more generous horizontally, and even several viewers can look at the screen simultaneously.
The Pavilion is not really suitable for outdoor use. The screen's brightness is reduced in battery mode. Consequently, it can at most be used in shadowy environments.
The Pavilion is a member of the It has enough computing power for all common application scenarios and can render computer games. HP will also release multiple configuration alternatives onto the market within this Pavilion 15 lineup - both with Intel as well as AMD innards.
We, for example, found the Pavilion abng at test time. It has more than enough computing power for everyday use and should satisfy most users. The CPU clocks at a base speed of 2.
The CPU cannot fully utilize its Turbo in multithread applications and runs at 2. Single-thread applications are performed at 2. The behavior is identical in both AC and battery modes.
That is owed to the somewhat higher operating speeds and improved Broadwell architecture. The system's overall performance is beyond reproach; it runs smoothly. The PCMark benchmark scores are very good.
A look at our comparison chart shows that the Pavilion does not have any disadvantages compared with laptops based on a quad-core processor. Consequently, a laptop with a ULV processor is normally the better choice for home use because these models consume less power and produce less waste heat.
Quad-core processors should be preferred when CPU-driven applications and programs optimized for several cores are to be executed. The Pavilion's system performance can be improved by replacing the installed hard drive with a solid state drive.
The 1 TB hard drive revolutions per minute provides plenty of storage capacity. The user has approximately GB of the capacity available. The recovery partition and Windows installation reserve the remaining storage.
CrystalDiskMark records a read speed of HD Tune delivers an average transfer rate of The rates are all still within a normal range for rpm hard drives, although they could be slightly higher.
Intel's GPU is responsible for everyday use and battery mode. Switching between both cores is automatic; the user does not have to intervene. The core clocks at slightly higher maximum speeds MHz vs.
Most computer games can be played using the HD resolution x pixels with medium to sometimes higher quality settings. Playable frame rates cannot be achieved otherwise.
The graphics core installed in the Pavilion is generally too weak for the game Batman: The screen's native resolution Full HD is only possible with a few titles.
The lower the hardware requirements of a game the sooner the Full HD resolution can be used. Our comparison chart shows that the Pavilion only manages slightly higher frame rates than comparable GeForce M laptops.
Therefore, a lot of money can be saved with the corresponding laptop. The fan uninterruptedly spins in idle mode. The quiet noise is audible but not unduly distracting.
The fan is sometimes inactive when the option "Fan Always On" is disabled. The fan really gets active under load. We measure a noise level of This level is too high for a laptop from this performance category.
The Pavilion performed our stress test Prime95 and Furmark run for at least one hour in a similar manner in both AC and battery modes. The graphics core always ran stably at MHz.
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While MMC uses a pin for data transfers, the SD card added a four-wire bus mode for higher data rates. The SD card added Content Protection for Recordable Media security circuitry for digital rights management content-protection, full-size SD cards do not fit into the slimmer MMC slots, and other issues also affect the ability to use one format in a host device designed for the other.
Battery electricity — An electric battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells with external connections provided to power electrical devices such as flashlights, smartphones, and electric cars.
When a battery is supplying power, its positive terminal is the cathode. The terminal marked negative is the source of electrons that when connected to a circuit will flow. It is the movement of ions within the battery which allows current to flow out of the battery to perform work.
Historically the term specifically referred to a device composed of multiple cells. Primary batteries are used once and discarded, the materials are irreversibly changed during discharge.
Common examples are the battery used for flashlights and a multitude of portable electronic devices. Secondary batteries can be discharged and recharged multiple times using mains power from a wall socket, examples include the lead-acid batteries used in vehicles and lithium-ion batteries used for portable electronics such as laptops and smartphones.
Batteries have much lower energy than common fuels such as gasoline. This is somewhat offset by the efficiency of electric motors in producing mechanical work.
The usage of battery to describe a group of electrical devices dates to Benjamin Franklin, alessandro Volta built and described the first electrochemical battery, the voltaic pile, in This was a stack of copper and zinc plates, separated by brine-soaked paper disks, Volta did not understand that the voltage was due to chemical reactions.
Although early batteries were of value for experimental purposes, in practice their voltages fluctuated. It consisted of a pot filled with a copper sulfate solution, in which was immersed an unglazed earthenware container filled with sulfuric acid.
These wet cells used liquid electrolytes, which were prone to leakage and spillage if not handled correctly, many used glass jars to hold their components, which made them fragile and potentially dangerous.
These characteristics made wet cells unsuitable for portable appliances, near the end of the nineteenth century, the invention of dry cell batteries, which replaced the liquid electrolyte with a paste, made portable electrical devices practical.
Batteries convert chemical energy directly to electrical energy, a battery consists of some number of voltaic cells. Ampere hour — The commonly seen milliampere hour is one-thousandth of an ampere hour.
The ampere hour is used in measurements of electrochemical systems such as electroplating. A milliampere second is a unit of measure used in X-ray imaging, diagnostic imaging and this quantity is proportional to the total X-ray energy produced by a given X-ray tube operated at a particular voltage.
The same total dose can be delivered in different time periods depending on the X-ray tube current, an ampere hour is not a unit of energy. In a battery system, for example, accurate calculation of the energy delivered requires integration of the power delivered over the discharge interval, generally, the battery voltage varies during discharge, an average value or nominal value may be used to approximate the integration of power.
The Faraday constant is the charge on one mole of electrons and it is used in electrochemical calculations. An AA size dry cell has a capacity of about 2 to 3 ampere hours, automotive car batteries vary in capacity but a large automobile propelled by an internal combustion engine would have about a 50 ampere hour battery capacity.
Since one ampere hour can produce 0. Lithium polymer battery — A lithium polymer battery, or more correctly lithium-ion polymer battery, is a rechargeable battery of lithium-ion technology using a polymer electrolyte instead of the more common liquid electrolyte.
High conductivity semisolid polymers form the electrolyte for LiPo cells are being used in tablet computers, after that, other packaging forms evolved, including the pouch format now also called LiPo.
Lithium polymer cells have evolved from lithium-ion and lithium-metal batteries. The primary difference is instead of using a lithium-salt electrolyte held in an organic solvent. A typical cell has four components, positive electrode, negative electrode, separator.
The separator itself may be a polymer, such as a film of polyethylene or polypropylene, thus, even when the cell has a liquid electrolyte. In addition to this, the electrode can be further decomposed in three parts, the lithium-transition-metal-oxide, a conductive additive, and a polymer binder of poly.
The negative electrode material may have the three parts, only with carbon replacing the lithium-metal-oxide. To prevent the electrodes from touching each other directly, a separator is in between which allows only the ions and not the electrode particles to migrate from one side to the other.
For LiPo battery packs with cells connected in series, a specialised charger may monitor the charge on a per-cell basis so that all cells are brought to the state of charge. Unlike lithium-ion cylindrical and prismatic cells, which have a metal case, LiPo cells have a flexible, foil-type case.
LiPo cells provide manufacturers with compelling advantages and they can easily produce batteries of almost any desired shape. Test reports warn of the risk of fire when the batteries are not used in accordance with the instructions, as of mid, LiPo packs of 1.
Microphone — A microphone, colloquially nicknamed mic or mike, is a transducer that converts sound into an electrical signal. Several different types of microphone are in use, which employ different methods to convert the air pressure variations of a wave to an electrical signal.
Microphones typically need to be connected to a preamplifier before the signal can be recorded or reproduced, in order to speak to larger groups of people, a need arose to increase the volume of the human voice.
The earliest devices used to achieve this were acoustic megaphones, some of the first examples, from fifth century BC Greece, were theater masks with horn-shaped mouth openings that acoustically amplified the voice of actors in amphitheatres.
In, the English physicist Robert Hooke was the first to experiment with an other than air with the invention of the lovers telephone made of stretched wire with a cup attached at each end. German inventor Johann Philipp Reis designed an early sound transmitter that used a strip attached to a vibrating membrane that would produce intermittent current.
Better results were achieved with the transmitter design in Scottish-American Alexander Graham Bells telephone of — the diaphragm was attached to a conductive rod in an acid solution.
These systems, however, gave a poor sound quality. The first microphone that enabled proper voice telephony was the carbon microphone and this was independently developed by David Edward Hughes in England and Emile Berliner and Thomas Edison in the US.
Although Edison was awarded the first patent in mid, Hughes had demonstrated his working device in front of many witnesses some years earlier, the carbon microphone is the direct prototype of todays microphones and was critical in the development of telephony, broadcasting and the recording industries.
Thomas Edison refined the carbon microphone into his carbon-button transmitter of and this microphone was employed at the first ever radio broadcast, a performance at the New York Metropolitan Opera House in Wente of Western Electric developed the next breakthrough with the first condenser microphone, in, the first practical moving coil microphone was built.
The Marconi Skykes or magnetophon, developed by Captain H. Also in, the microphone was introduced, another electromagnetic type, believed to have been developed by Harry F. Over the years these microphones were developed by companies, most notably RCA that made large advancements in pattern control.
With television and film technology booming there was demand for high fidelity microphones, electro-Voice responded with their Academy Award-winning shotgun microphone in During the second half of 20th century development advanced quickly with the Shure Brothers bringing out the SM58, digital was pioneered by Milab in with the DM The latest research developments include the use of optics, lasers and interferometers.
Active noise control — Active noise control, also known as noise cancellation, or active noise reduction, is a method for reducing unwanted sound by the addition of a second sound specifically designed to cancel the first.
Sound is a wave, which consists of alternating periods of compression and rarefaction. A noise-cancellation speaker emits a sound wave with the same amplitude, the waves combine to form a new wave, in a process called interference, and effectively cancel each other out — an effect which is called destructive interference.
Modern active noise control is achieved through the use of analog circuits or digital signal processing. This inverted signal is amplified and a transducer creates a sound wave directly proportional to the amplitude of the original waveform.
This effectively reduces the volume of the perceivable noise, a noise-cancellation speaker may be co-located with the sound source to be attenuated. In this case it must have the same power level as the source of the unwanted sound.
Alternatively, the transducer emitting the cancellation signal may be located at the location where sound attenuation is wanted and this requires a much lower power level for cancellation but is effective only for a single user.
In small enclosed spaces global noise reduction can be achieved via multiple speakers and feedback microphones, applications can be 1-dimensional or 3-dimensional, depending on the type of zone to protect.
Periodic sounds, even ones, are easier to cancel than random sounds due to the repetition in the wave form. Protection of a 1-dimension zone is easier and requires one or two microphones and speakers to be effective.
Several commercial applications have been successful, noise-cancelling headphones, active mufflers, the term 1-dimension refers to a simple pistonic relationship between the noise and the active speaker or between the active speaker and the listener.
Protection of a 3-dimension zone requires many microphones and speakers, making it more expensive, high frequency waves are difficult to reduce in three dimensions due to their relatively short audio wavelength in air.
High frequency sounds above Hz tend to cancel and reinforce unpredictably from many directions, in sum, the most effective noise reduction in three-dimensional space involves low frequency sounds.
This is because an engines cyclic nature makes fast Fourier transform analysis, noise control is an active or passive means of reducing sound emissions, often for personal comfort, environmental considerations or legal compliance.
Active noise control is sound reduction using a power source, passive noise control is sound reduction by noise-isolating materials such as insulation, sound-absorbing tiles, or a muffler rather than a power source.
Active noise canceling is best suited for low frequencies, for higher frequencies, the spacing requirements for free space and zone of silence techniques become prohibitive. In acoustic cavity and duct based systems, the number of nodes grows rapidly with increasing frequency, passive treatments become more effective at higher frequencies and often provide an adequate solution without the need for active control.
Gyroscope — A gyroscope is a spinning wheel or disc in which the axis of rotation is free to assume any orientation by itself. When rotating, the orientation of this axis is unaffected by tilting or rotation of the mounting, according to the conservation of angular momentum, because of this, gyroscopes are useful for measuring or maintaining orientation.
Due to their precision, gyroscopes are used in gyrotheodolites to maintain direction in tunnel mining. Gyroscopes can be used to construct gyrocompasses, which complement or replace magnetic compasses, a gyroscope is a wheel mounted in two or three gimbals, which are a pivoted supports that allow the rotation of the wheel about a single axis.
In the case of a gyroscope with two gimbals, the gimbal, which is the gyroscope frame, is mounted so as to pivot about an axis in its own plane determined by the support.
This outer gimbal possesses one degree of freedom and its axis possesses none. The inner gimbal is mounted in the frame so as to pivot about an axis in its own plane that is always perpendicular to the pivotal axis of the gyroscope frame.
This inner gimbal has two degrees of rotational freedom, the axle of the spinning wheel defines the spin axis. The rotor is constrained to spin about an axis, which is perpendicular to the axis of the inner gimbal.
So the rotor possesses three degrees of freedom and its axis possesses two. The wheel responds to a force applied to the axis by a reaction force to the output axis. The behaviour of a gyroscope can be most easily appreciated by consideration of the front wheel of a bicycle.
If the wheel is leaned away from the vertical so that the top of the moves to the left. In other words, rotation on one axis of the turning wheel produces rotation of the third axis, a gyroscope flywheel will roll or resist about the output axis depending upon whether the output gimbals are of a free or fixed configuration.
Examples of some free-output-gimbal devices would be the attitude reference gyroscopes used to sense or measure the pitch, roll, the centre of gravity of the rotor can be in a fixed position.
Some gyroscopes have mechanical equivalents substituted for one or more of the elements, for example, the spinning rotor may be suspended in a fluid, instead of being pivotally mounted in gimbals.
In some special cases, the outer gimbal may be omitted so that the rotor has two degrees of freedom. Essentially, a gyroscope is a top combined with a pair of gimbals, Tops were invented in many different civilizations, including classical Greece, Rome, and China.
Accelerometer — An accelerometer is a device that measures proper acceleration, proper acceleration is not the same as coordinate acceleration. For example, an accelerometer at rest on the surface of the Earth will measure an acceleration due to Earths gravity, by contrast, accelerometers in free fall will measure zero.
Accelerometers have multiple applications in industry and science, highly sensitive accelerometers are components of inertial navigation systems for aircraft and missiles. Accelerometers are used to detect and monitor vibration in rotating machinery, accelerometers are used in tablet computers and digital cameras so that images on screens are always displayed upright.
Accelerometers are used in drones for flight stabilisation, coordinated accelerometers can be used to measure differences in proper acceleration, particularly gravity, over their separation in space, i.
This gravity gradiometry is useful because absolute gravity is a weak effect, micromachined accelerometers are increasingly present in portable electronic devices and video game controllers, to detect the position of the device or provide for game input.
An accelerometer measures proper acceleration, which is the acceleration it experiences relative to freefall and is the acceleration felt by people and objects.
Put another way, at any point in spacetime the equivalence principle guarantees the existence of an inertial frame. Such accelerations are popularly denoted g-force, i.
The reason for the appearance of an offset is Einsteins equivalence principle. For similar reasons, an accelerometer will read zero during any type of free fall and this includes use in a coasting spaceship in deep space far from any mass, a spaceship orbiting the Earth, an airplane in a parabolic zero-g arc, or any free-fall in vacuum.
Another example is free-fall at a high altitude that atmospheric effects can be neglected. However this does not include a fall in air resistance produces drag forces that reduce the acceleration.
At terminal velocity the accelerometer will indicate 1 g acceleration upwards, Acceleration is quantified in the SI unit metres per second per second, in the cgs unit gal, or popularly in terms of standard gravity.
For the practical purpose of finding the acceleration of objects with respect to the Earth, such as for use in a navigation system. This can be obtained either by calibrating the device at rest, conceptually, an accelerometer behaves as a damped mass on a spring.
When the accelerometer experiences an acceleration, the mass is displaced to the point that the spring is able to accelerate the mass at the rate as the casing. The displacement is measured to give the acceleration.
Proximity sensor — A proximity sensor is a sensor able to detect the presence of nearby objects without any physical contact. A proximity sensor often emits a field or a beam of electromagnetic radiation.
The object being sensed is often referred to as the proximity sensors target, different proximity sensor targets demand different sensors. For example, a capacitive or photoelectric sensor might be suitable for a plastic target, the maximum distance that this sensor can detect is defined nominal range.
Some sensors have adjustments of the range or means to report a graduated detection distance. Some know these process as thermosensation, proximity sensors can have a high reliability and long functional life because of the absence of mechanical parts and lack of physical contact between sensor and the sensed object.
Proximity sensors are used on smartphones to detect accidental touchscreen taps when held to the ear during a call. They are also used in machine vibration monitoring to measure the variation in distance between a shaft and its support bearing and this is common in large steam turbines, compressors, and motors that use sleeve-type bearings.
International Electrotechnical Commission defines the technical details of proximity sensors, a proximity sensor adjusted to a very short range is often used as a touch switch. Proximity sensors can be used to recognise air gestures and hover-manipulations, an array of proximity sensing elements can replace vision-camera or depth camera based solutions for the hand gesture detection.
In particular, a car infotainment system in vehicle can employ the proximity sensors to cover the area over the screen. For example, LG Electronics has recently filed several patents addressing this advanced technology, sheet break sensing in paper machine.
Automatic faucets Motion detector Occupancy sensor. Multi-touch — In computing, multi-touch is technology that enables a surface to recognize the presence of more than one or more than two points of contact with the surface.
This plural-point awareness may be used to implement additional functionality, such as pinch to zoom or to activate certain subroutines attached to predefined gestures, the use of touchscreen technology to control electronic devices pre-dates multi-touch technology and the personal computer.
Early synthesizer and electronic instrument builders like Hugh Le Caine and Robert Moog experimented with using touch-sensitive capacitance sensors to control the sounds made by their instruments, early touchscreens only registered one point of touch at a time.
On-screen keyboards were thus awkward to use, because key-rollover and holding down a key while typing another were not possible. In a handwritten note dated 11 March, Stumpe presented his proposed solution — a capacitive touch screen with a number of programmable buttons presented on a display.
The capacitors were to consist of fine lines etched in copper on a sheet of glass — fine enough, in the final device, a simple lacquer coating prevented the fingers from actually touching the capacitors.
In, MIT described a keyboard with variable graphics capable of multi-touch detection, in the early s, The University of Torontos Input Research Group were among the earliest to explore the software side of multi-touch input systems.
A system at the University of Toronto used a panel with a camera placed behind the glass. When a finger or several fingers pressed on the glass, the camera would detect the action as one or more spots on an otherwise white background.
Since the size of a dot was dependent on pressure, the system was somewhat pressure-sensitive as well, of note, this system was input only and not able to display graphics. In, Bell Labs at Murray Hill published a discussion of touch-screen based interfaces.
By, both Bell Labs and Carnegie Mellon University had working multi-touch-screen prototypes — both input and graphics — that could respond interactively in response to multiple finger inputs, the Bell Labs system was based on capacitive coupling of fingers, whereas the CMU system was optical.
In, the canonical multitouch pinch-to-zoom gesture was demonstrated, with coordinated graphics, an advance occurred in, when Pierre Wellner published a paper on his multi-touch Digital Desk, which supported multi-finger and pinching motions.
Various companies expanded upon these inventions in the beginning of the twenty-first century, the company Fingerworks developed various multi-touch technologies between and, including Touchstream keyboards and the iGesture Pad.
Several studies of technology were published in the early s by Alan Hedge, professor of human factors. Apple acquired Fingerworks and its technology in Touchscreen — A touchscreen is a input and output device normally layered on the top of an electronic visual display of an information processing system.
The touchscreen enables the user to interact directly with what is displayed, rather using a mouse, touchpad. Touchscreens are common in such as game consoles, personal computers, tablet computers, electronic voting machines, point of sale systems.
They can also be attached to computers or, as terminals and they also play a prominent role in the design of digital appliances such as personal digital assistants and some e-readers.
The popularity of smartphones, tablets, and many types of appliances is driving the demand and acceptance of common touchscreens for portable. The application of technology for air traffic control was described in an article published in A resistive touchscreen was developed by American inventor George Samuel Hurst, the first version was produced in This arrangement can sense any fingertip-sized opaque object in close proximity to the screen, a similar touchscreen was used on the HP starting in, this was one of the worlds earliest commercial touchscreen computers.
HP mounted their infrared transmitters and receivers around the bezel of a 9 Sony Cathode Ray Tube, in, Fujitsu released a touch pad for the Micro 16, to deal with the complexity of kanji characters, which were stored as tiled graphics.
In, Sega released the Terebi Oekaki, also known as the Sega Graphic Board, for the SG video game console and it consisted of a plastic pen and a plastic board with a transparent window where the pen presses are detected.
It was used primarily for a software application. A graphic touch tablet was released for the Sega AI Computer in, touch-sensitive Control-Display Units were evaluated for commercial aircraft flight decks in the early s.
In, the University of Toronto group including Bill Buxton developed a tablet that used capacitance rather than bulky camera-based optical sensing systems. In, the first graphical point of sale software was demonstrated on the bit Atari ST color computer and it featured a color touchscreen widget-driven interface.
In, Casio launched the Casio PB pocket computer with a touchscreen consisting of a 4x4 matrix, until touchscreens had the bad reputation of being imprecise. Pixel — The address of a pixel corresponds to its physical coordinates.
LCD pixels are manufactured in a grid, and are often represented using dots or squares. Each pixel is a sample of an image, more samples typically provide more accurate representations of the original.
The intensity of each pixel is variable, in color imaging systems, a color is typically represented by three or four component intensities such as red, green, and blue, or cyan, magenta, yellow, and black.
The word pixel is based on a contraction of pix and el, the word pixel was first published in by Frederic C. Billingsley of JPL, to describe the elements of video images from space probes to the Moon.
Billingsley had learned the word from Keith E. The word is a combination of pix, for picture, the word pix appeared in Variety magazine headlines in, as an abbreviation for the word pictures, in reference to movies.
By, pix was being used in reference to pictures by photojournalists. The concept of a picture element dates to the earliest days of television, some authors explain pixel as picture cell, as early as In graphics and in image and video processing, pel is often used instead of pixel, for example, IBM used it in their Technical Reference for the original PC.
A pixel is generally thought of as the smallest single component of a digital image, however, the definition is highly context-sensitive. For example, there can be printed pixels in a page, or pixels carried by electronic signals, or represented by digital values, or pixels on a display device, or pixels in a digital camera.
This list is not exhaustive and, depending on context, synonyms include pel, sample, byte, bit, dot, Pixels can be used as a unit of measure such as, pixels per inch, pixels per line, or spaced 10 pixels apart.
For example, a high-quality photographic image may be printed with ppi on a dpi inkjet printer, even higher dpi numbers, such as the dpi quoted by printer manufacturers since, do not mean much in terms of achievable resolution.
The more pixels used to represent an image, the closer the result can resemble the original, the number of pixels in an image is sometimes called the resolution, though resolution has a more specific definition.
The pixels, or color samples, that form an image may or may not be in one-to-one correspondence with screen pixels. In computing, a composed of pixels is known as a bitmapped image or a raster image.
Pixel density — Horizontal and vertical density are usually the same, as most devices have square pixels, but differ on devices that have non-square pixels. The lowest acceptable quality factor is considered 1.
An absorbent paper surface, uncoated recycled paper for instance, lets ink droplets spread —so requires a more open printing screen, input resolution can therefore be reduced to minimize file size without loss in quality, as long as the quality factor of 2 is maintained.
This is easily determined by doubling the line frequency, for example, printing on an uncoated paper stock often limits printing screen frequency to no more than lpi, therefore, a quality factor of 2 is achieved with images of ppi.
The PPI of a display is related to the size of the display in inches. This measurement is referred to as dots per inch, though that measurement more accurately refers to the resolution of a computer printer.
This figure is determined by dividing the width of the area in pixels by the width of the display area in inches. It is possible for a display to have different horizontal and vertical PPI measurements, the dot pitch of a computer display determines the absolute limit of possible pixel density.
In January, Kopin Corporation announced a 0. In they followed this up with a DPI0. Holography applications demand even greater density, as higher pixel density produces a larger image size.
Spatial light modulators can reduce pixel pitch to 2. However, this figure depends both on the distance between viewer and image, and the visual acuity. For perspective, such a device at 15 inch screen size would have to more than four Full HD screens.
The term usually assumes a widescreen ratio of 16,9. Small camcorders, smartphones and digital cameras can capture still and moving images in p resolution. Such frame rates require H. The p50 format is considered to be a production format and, eventually.
There is no word when any of the networks will consider airing at p in the foreseeable future. The Blu-ray Disc video specification allows encoding of p Smartphones with p FullHD display have been available on the market since, as of the end of, it is the standard for mid-range to high-end smartphones and many of the flagship devices of used even higher resolutions.
Several websites, including YouTube, allow videos to be uploaded in the p format, YouTube streams p content at approximately 4 megabits per second compared to Blu-rays 30 to 40 megabits per second.
Red and green OLED films have longer lifespans compared to blue OLED films and this variation results in colour shifts as a particular pixel fades faster than the other pixels. AMOLED displays are prone to screen burn-in, which leaves a permanent imprint of overused colours represented by overused images, manufacturers have developed in-cell touch panels, integrating the production of capacitive sensor arrays in the AMOLED module fabrication process.
Using custom modeling and analytic approaches, Samsung has developed short and long-range film-thickness control, AMOLED displays provide higher refresh rates than passive-matrix, often reducing the response time to less than a millisecond, and they consume significantly less power.
This advantage makes active-matrix OLEDs well-suited for portable electronics, where power consumption is critical to battery life, the amount of power the display consumes varies significantly depending on the color and brightness shown.
Camera phone — A camera phone is a mobile phone which is able to capture photographs. Most camera phones also record video, most camera phones are simpler than separate digital cameras. Their usual fixed-focus lenses and smaller sensors limit their performance in poor lighting, lacking a physical shutter, some have a long shutter lag.
Photoflash is typically provided by an LED source which illuminates less intensely over a longer exposure time than a bright. Optical zoom and tripod screws are rare and none has a hot shoe for attaching an external flash, some also lack a USB connection or a removable memory card.
Most have Bluetooth and WiFi, and can make geotagged photographs, some of the more expensive camera phones have only a few of these technical disadvantages, but with bigger image sensors, their capabilities approach those of low-end point-and-shoot cameras.
In the smartphone era, the sales increase of camera phones caused point-and-shoot camera sales to peak about Most model lines improve their cameras every year or two, most smartphones only have a menu choice to start a camera application program and an on-screen button to activate the shutter.
Some also have a camera button, for quickness and convenience. The principal advantages of camera phones are cost and compactness, indeed for a user who carries a mobile phone anyway, smartphones that are camera phones may run mobile applications to add capabilities such as geotagging and image stitching.
However, the screen, being a general purpose control, lacks the agility of a separate cameras dedicated buttons. The latest generation of cameras also apply distortion, vignetting.
Most camera phones have a digital zoom feature, an external camera can be added, coupled wirelessly to the phone by Wi-Fi. They are compatible with most smartphones, images are usually saved in the JPEG file format, except for some high-end camera phones which have also RAW feature and the Android 5.
Windows Phones can be configured to operate as a camera if the phone is asleep. F-number — The f-number of an optical system such as a camera lens is the ratio of the systems focal length to the diameter of the entrance pupil.
It is a number that is a quantitative measure of lens speed. It is also known as the ratio, f-ratio, f-stop. Ignoring differences in light transmission efficiency, a lens with a greater f-number projects darker images, the brightness of the projected image relative to the brightness of the scene in the lenss field of view decreases with the square of the f-number.
Doubling the f-number decreases the brightness by a factor of four. To maintain the same photographic exposure when doubling the f-number, the time would need to be four times as long. Most lenses have a diaphragm, which changes the size of the aperture stop.
The mm lenss entrance pupil has four times the area of the mm lenss entrance pupil, a T-stop is an f-number adjusted to account for light transmission efficiency. The word stop is sometimes confusing due to its multiple meanings, a stop can be a physical object, an opaque part of an optical system that blocks certain rays.
In photography, stops are also a used to quantify ratios of light or exposure. The one-stop unit is known as the EV unit. On a camera, the setting is traditionally adjusted in discrete steps.
Each stop is marked with its corresponding f-number, and represents a halving of the light intensity from the previous stop. Autofocus — An autofocus optical system uses a sensor, a control system and a motor to focus on an automatically or manually selected point or area.
An electronic rangefinder has a display instead of the motor, the adjustment of the system has to be done manually until indication. Autofocus methods are distinguished by their type as being active, passive or hybrid variants.
Autofocus systems rely on one or more sensors to determine correct focus, some AF systems rely on a single sensor, while others use an array of sensors. Most multi-sensor AF cameras allow manual selection of the active sensor, the data collected from AF sensors is used to control an electromechanical system that adjusts the focus of the optical system.
A variation of autofocus is a rangefinder, a system in which focus data are provided to the operator. The speed of the AF system is dependent on the widest aperture offered by the lens. Between and, Leitz patented an array of autofocus, at photokina, Leica had presented a camera based on their previous development, named Correfot, and in they displayed an SLR camera with fully operational autofocus.
The Pentax ME-F, which used focus sensors in the body coupled with a motorized lens. Active AF systems measure distance to the subject independently of the optical system, there are various ways to measure distance, including ultrasonic sound waves and infrared light.
In the first case, sound waves are emitted from the camera, Polaroid cameras including the Spectra and SX were known for successfully applying this system. In the latter case, infrared light is used to triangulate the distance to the subject.
An exception to the approach is the mechanical autofocus provided in some enlargers. LED — A light-emitting diode is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a p—n junction diode, which emits light when activated, when a suitable voltage is applied to the leads, electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons.
This effect is called electroluminescence, and the color of the light is determined by the band gap of the semiconductor. LEDs are typically small and integrated optical components may be used to shape the radiation pattern, appearing as practical electronic components in, the earliest LEDs emitted low-intensity infrared light.
Infrared LEDs are still used as transmitting elements in remote-control circuits. The first visible-light LEDs were also of low intensity and limited to red, modern LEDs are available across the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness.
Early LEDs were often used as indicator lamps for electronic devices and they were soon packaged into numeric readouts in the form of seven-segment displays and were commonly seen in digital clocks.
Recent developments in LEDs permit them to be used in environmental, LEDs have allowed new displays and sensors to be developed, while their high switching rates are also used in advanced communications technology.
LEDs have many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved physical robustness, smaller size, and faster switching. Light-emitting diodes are now used in applications as diverse as aviation lighting, automotive headlamps, advertising, general lighting, traffic signals, camera flashes, as of, LED lights home room lighting are as cheap or cheaper than compact fluorescent lamp sources of comparable output.
They are also more energy efficient and, arguably, have fewer environmental concerns linked to their disposal. Electroluminescence as a phenomenon was discovered in by the British experimenter H.
His research was distributed in Soviet, German and British scientific journals, rubin Braunstein of the Radio Corporation of America reported on infrared emission from gallium arsenide and other semiconductor alloys in Braunstein observed infrared emission generated by simple diode structures using gallium antimonide, GaAs, indium phosphide, in, Braunstein further demonstrated that the rudimentary devices could be used for non-radio communication across a short distance.
As noted by Kroemer Braunstein …had set up a simple optical communications link, the emitted light was detected by a PbS diode some distance away. This signal was fed into an amplifier and played back by a loudspeaker.
Intercepting the beam stopped the music and we had a great deal of fun playing with this setup. This setup presaged the use of LEDs for optical communication applications, by October, they had demonstrated efficient light emission and signal coupling between a GaAs p-n junction light emitter and an electrically-isolated semiconductor photodetector.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Release date, price, specs and everything you need to know". Just 10, units available globally". Retrieved 28 January When and how can you buy it?
OnePlus One vs OnePlus 2: Which One Should You Buy? Blade Racer Skate Engage. Android tablets Other Android devices List of features in Android. Pete Lau Carl Pei. Retrieved from " https: OnePlus mobile phones Android operating system devices Touchscreen mobile phones Mobile phones introduced in Use dmy dates from April All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February The OnePlus 3 was unveiled on June 14,, the 3 was the companys first metal unibody phone 2.
A slogan is part of the aspect that helps create an image for the product 3. From the time of Herodotus a minority of geographers have rejected the three-continent system on the grounds there is no or is no substantial physical separation between them 6.
In Canadian English, North America may be used to refer to the United States, alternatively, usage sometimes includes Greenland and Mexico, as well as offshore islands 7. The Kyocera introduced by Palm, Inc, combining a PDA with a mobile phone, it operated on the Verizon network, and supported limited Web browsing 8.
Clamshell came to be used as generic for this form factor, flip phone referred to phones that opened on the vertical axis 9. Lollipop was, additionally, to have device encryption enabled by default on all devices, however, due to performance issues In this state, network connectivity and background processing is restricted, additionally, network access by apps is deferred if the user has not recently interacted with the app Bugs found in the stage are reported to the designer Clock signal frequencies ranging from kHz to 4 MHz were very common at this time, the design complexity of CPUs increased as various technologies facilitated building smaller and more reliable electronic devices Alternatively, for the circuit area, more transistors could be used in the design Radio frequency radiation is measured in kilohertz, megahertz, or gigahertz Some legal challenges have been waged over this confusion such as a lawsuit against drive manufacturer Western Digital, Western Digital settled the challenge and added explicit disclaimers to products that the usable capacity may differ from the advertised capacity Data was stored in the capacitance of each transistor, and had to be periodically refreshed every few milliseconds before the charge could leak away Batteries convert chemical energy directly to electrical energy, a battery consists of some number of voltaic cells The latest research developments include the use of optics, lasers and interferometers In acoustic cavity and duct based systems, the number of nodes grows rapidly with increasing frequency, passive treatments become more effective at higher frequencies and often provide an adequate solution without the need for active control Essentially, a gyroscope is a top combined with a pair of gimbals, Tops were invented in many different civilizations, including classical Greece, Rome, and China The displacement is measured to give the acceleration Automatic faucets Motion detector Occupancy sensor In, Casio launched the Casio PB pocket computer with a touchscreen consisting of a 4x4 matrix, until touchscreens had the bad reputation of being imprecise In computing, a composed of pixels is known as a bitmapped image or a raster image For perspective, such a device at 15 inch screen size would have to more than four Full HD screens Several websites, including YouTube, allow videos to be uploaded in the p format, YouTube streams p content at approximately 4 megabits per second compared to Blu-rays 30 to 40 megabits per second An exception to the approach is the mechanical autofocus provided in some enlargers OnePlus [videos] OnePlus Chinese: Most of the present structure, however, dates to the Ming dynasty.
A detail from Along the River During the Qingming Festival, a 12th-century painting showing everyday life in the Song dynasty 's capital, Bianjing present-day Kaifeng.
A 19th-century depiction of the Taiping Rebellion — The Mongol Empire, ca. The gray area is the later Timurid Empire. Map of North America, from Satellite imagery of North America. The first caller identification receiver The Nokia Communicator right and the updated model left.
Several BlackBerry smartphones, which were highly popular in the mid-late s. Bottom side of an Intel DX2 , showing its pins. EDVAC, one of the first stored-program computers. Voodoo3 AGP card. Random-access memory RAM is a form of computer data storage that stores data and machine code currently being used.
Example of writable volatile random-access memory: Synchronous Dynamic RAM modules, primarily used as main memory in personal computers, workstation s, and server s. These IBM tabulating machine s from the s used mechanical counter s to store information.
A portion of a core memory with a modern flash SD card on top. Top of four types of MMC cards clockwise from left: Bottom of the same four cards. A mini-SIM card next to its electrical contacts in a Nokia Note the thin gold bonding wires, and the regular, rectangular digital memory areas.
Various cells and batteries top-left to bottom-right: A voltaic pile, the first battery. From top to bottom: A device to check battery voltage. Apple iPhone 3GS 's Lithium-ion polymer battery, which has expanded due to a short circuit failure.
A microphone, colloquially nicknamed mic or mike, is a transducer that converts sound into an electrical signal. A Sennheiser dynamic microphone. NTi Audio outdoor measurement microphone.
David Edward Hughes invented a carbon microphone in the s. Capacitive touchscreen of a mobile phone. The monochromatic plasma display's characteristic orange glow is illustrated.
Camera phone allows instant, automatic photo sharing. There is no need for a cable or removable media to connect to a personal computer. Samsung Galaxy S5 camera, including the floating element group, suspended by ceramic bearings and a small rare earth magnet.
Image showing the six molded elements in the Samsung Galaxy S5. The Nokia N8 smartphone is the first Nokia smartphone with a megapixel autofocus lens, and is one of the few camera phones the first was Nokia N82 to feature Carl Zeiss optics with xenon flash.
Shallow focus with a wide open lens. A Kodak with aperture marked in U. An f-number conversion chart has been added by the user. Auto-focus systems can capture a subject in a variety of ways; here, the focus is on the people at the center of the image.
A pair of phone connectors: A plug right is inserted in a socket jack, left Note the flat open contact spring parallel to and inside the tip contact spring. When the plug is removed, those contacts close to connect a circuit; such a connection is said to be "normal".
Inserting the plug connects its tip to one part of that circuit instead. A dual patch cable, two-pin phone plug. Old-style male tip-sleeve "pin" or "jack" connectors. The leftmost plug has three conductors; the others have two.
HP's Pavilion has a viewing-angle dependent TN screen, which cannot be read from every position. Changing the vertical viewing angle quickly leads to image distortions.
The angle is more generous horizontally, and even several viewers can look at the screen simultaneously. The Pavilion is not really suitable for outdoor use.
The screen's brightness is reduced in battery mode. Consequently, it can at most be used in shadowy environments. The Pavilion is a member of the It has enough computing power for all common application scenarios and can render computer games.
HP will also release multiple configuration alternatives onto the market within this Pavilion 15 lineup - both with Intel as well as AMD innards. We, for example, found the Pavilion abng at test time.
It has more than enough computing power for everyday use and should satisfy most users. The CPU clocks at a base speed of 2. The CPU cannot fully utilize its Turbo in multithread applications and runs at 2.
Single-thread applications are performed at 2. The behavior is identical in both AC and battery modes. That is owed to the somewhat higher operating speeds and improved Broadwell architecture.
The system's overall performance is beyond reproach; it runs smoothly. The PCMark benchmark scores are very good. A look at our comparison chart shows that the Pavilion does not have any disadvantages compared with laptops based on a quad-core processor.
Consequently, a laptop with a ULV processor is normally the better choice for home use because these models consume less power and produce less waste heat. Quad-core processors should be preferred when CPU-driven applications and programs optimized for several cores are to be executed.
The Pavilion's system performance can be improved by replacing the installed hard drive with a solid state drive. The 1 TB hard drive revolutions per minute provides plenty of storage capacity. The user has approximately GB of the capacity available.
The recovery partition and Windows installation reserve the remaining storage. CrystalDiskMark records a read speed of HD Tune delivers an average transfer rate of The rates are all still within a normal range for rpm hard drives, although they could be slightly higher.
Intel's GPU is responsible for everyday use and battery mode. Switching between both cores is automatic; the user does not have to intervene. The core clocks at slightly higher maximum speeds MHz vs.
Most computer games can be played using the HD resolution x pixels with medium to sometimes higher quality settings. Playable frame rates cannot be achieved otherwise.
The graphics core installed in the Pavilion is generally too weak for the game Batman: The screen's native resolution Full HD is only possible with a few titles.
The lower the hardware requirements of a game the sooner the Full HD resolution can be used. Our comparison chart shows that the Pavilion only manages slightly higher frame rates than comparable GeForce M laptops.
Therefore, a lot of money can be saved with the corresponding laptop. The fan uninterruptedly spins in idle mode. The quiet noise is audible but not unduly distracting. The fan is sometimes inactive when the option "Fan Always On" is disabled.
The fan really gets active under load. We measure a noise level of This level is too high for a laptop from this performance category. The Pavilion performed our stress test Prime95 and Furmark run for at least one hour in a similar manner in both AC and battery modes.
The graphics core always ran stably at MHz. The processor ran the test at 2. This speed range was also reached in battery mode, but the CPU was abruptly throttled to MHz time and again.
We measured a maximum temperature of The fan's high speed during load pays off here. The low temperatures, however, also prove that a more conservative fan management would also cool the laptop sufficiently.
The speakers have been modified in the new Pavilion model. Apple bought Beats Audio. The speakers of the new Pavilion model are still installed above the keyboard under a perforated cover.
Differences to the former speakers cannot be established. The speakers produce a decent sound that lacks bass. It is possible to listen to them even for extended periods of time.
The Pavilion's idle consumption remained below 10 watts, as we are used to from ULV laptops. The requirement climbed up to This rate is still acceptable and is on par with that of comparable laptops.
We recorded rates of around The power supply has a nominal output of 65 watts. The Pavilion achieves an idle runtime of 9: The Pavilion shuts down after 1: This looks the same with the Aspire 1: The load runtime is ascertained with Battery Eater's Classic test; the screen's brightness is set to maximum, the high-performance plan is enabled, and the radio modules are on.
HP's laptop stops our real-world Wi-Fi test after 4: We test the video playback time by running the short movie Big Buck Bunny H. The Pavilion lasts 4: The Pavilion's battery life is not awe-inspiring - which is also true for the Aspire's times.
We have dealt with comparable laptops that display a considerably longer runtime. HP's Pavilion abng provides more than enough everyday computing power in total. Furthermore, the laptop can even render computer games.
Owners of this laptop will not soon be lacking storage capacity thanks to the 1 TB hard drive. The laptop runs quietly and barely heats up during normal use. The latter is also true for load.
HP has made a major mistake with the screen. It is a viewing-angle dependent TN screen with only poor rates in brightness and contrast. However, we also have to criticize HP idiosyncrasies that we find in many laptops from the manufacturer.
HP only includes a month warranty. The competition from Acer is more progressive here and includes a two-year warranty. Beyond that, the Pavilion also only sports a Fast Ethernet chip.
Gigabit Ethernet is today's standard. Thus, the Pavilion is not free of shortcomings. Buyers who can ignore that fact will find a decent all-rounder. Although it has some shortcomings in common with its successor, they are easier to ignore in view of the considerably lower price.
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